四级语法难点－－虚拟语气
2003-02-22 15:56 | komi
虚拟语气的三种形式
1。表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：
条件从句 动词用过去式（be用were）
主句 would（should，could，might）＋动词原形
例： If I were you I shouldn't do that.
译：如果我是你，我就不会这样做。
2。表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：
条件从句 had＋过去分词
主句 would（should，could，might）＋ have＋过去分词
例：They would have come to the meeting ,if they had known about it .
译：如果他们知道这个会议，他们就会来的。
3。表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：
条件从句 动词用以办过去式 或should（were to）＋动词原形
主句 would（should，could，might）＋动词原形
例:1. If it should rain ,the crop would be saved .
2. If it were to snow tomorrow ,they would not go out.
3. If he came tomorrow ,we could ask him .
四级真题：
Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she __
a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996.10)
A.has to get B.were to get C.had get D.could have got
答案：B 译:琼不想马上就工作，她想要是找了工作，就不能经常看望朋友了。
If the whole operation ___beforehand,a great deal of time and momey
wouldhave been lost (1999.6)
A.was not planned B.has not been planned C.had not been planned D.were not planned
答案：C 译： 如果整个手术不是事先计划好的话，就会浪费大量的金钱和时间。
虚拟语气的集中特殊情况
1。If的省略 在非真是条从句里，助动词were，had，shuold可以提到从句之首而省略if。were作非谓语动词时，也可以提到从句之首而省略if。
如：Were I you ,I would go there.
译：如果我是你，我就去那里。
四级真题：
The millions of calculations involved,had they been done by hand ,___
all pratical value by the time they were finished .(2001.6)
A.had lost B.would lose C.would have lost D.should have lost
答案：C 所涉及到的几百万次计算，那个时候如果靠手来完成到算完之时，它们就失去了一切价值了。
Had he work harder ,he ___ the exams.(1997.6)
A. must have got through B. would have got through
C. would get through D.could get through
答案：B 译：如果他学习努力一点，那次考试就通过了。
2。含蓄虚拟句
有时虚拟条件并不用if从句来表示，而是含蓄在某个词或短语里。
可以用来表示含蓄条件的有：
1)连词 or ,otherwise,but
The old man's hands shook constantly. Otherwise he would be still
working.
这老人的双手不停的颤抖。否则他现在仍然在工作。
Our chairman was absent,or I would not have taken the chair .
我们的主席没来，否则我是主持会议的。
2）介词 with,without,under,but for
Without electricity human life would be quite different today.
译：如果没有点，人类现在的生活就是另一个样子了。
But for your help,I wouldn't have finished this work.
不告诉他真像将会是一个错误。
Ten minutes earlier ,and you would have caught the bus .
要早来十分钟，你就可以赶上汽车了。
Left to themselves, those flood victims would not have been able to stay alive .
如果把那些洪水灾民扔下不管，他们就不可能活下来。
四级真题：
Some women____a good salary in a job instead of staying home,but they
decided not to work for the sake of family.
A.must make B.should have made C.would make D.could have made
答案：D 译：有些妇女要是不呆在家里，就可以赚一份不错的薪水，但是他们为了家庭而决定不去工作。
3.错综时间的虚拟语气
有时候，条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，发生得时间是不一致的（如果一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的）。这时，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。
如： If the doctor hadn't tried his best to save you ,you wouldn't be standing here now.
四级真题
If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell ,you ___now.(1999.1)
A. wouldn't be smiling B. couldn't have smiled
C. won't smile D. didn't smile
答案：A 译： 当你掉下来时，要不是我在梯子下面把你接住，你现在就笑不成了。
4 wish类虚拟句
wish的宾语从句里的动词要用虚拟式。表示不可能实现的愿望。
1）对目前的情况表示祝愿，用动词一般过去式（be用were）
I wish my friend were with me now.
2)对目前正在进行的情况表示祝愿，用动词过去进行式。
I wish I were staying at home with my parents now.
3)对目前已经完成的情况表示祝愿，用动词过去完成式。
I wish I had finished my homework .
4)对过去的事情表示遗憾，后悔，用动词过去完成式。
I wish I had seen the film yesterday.
有情态动词，要用情态动词＋动词的完成式
I wish I could have pass the interview .
5)对将来的事情表祝愿用could（would）＋动词原形
I wish I could become rich some day.
以上五种句子均可将I wish 换成If only。
would rather + 代词＋一般过去式
I would rather you stay with me .
It's time 接不带that的宾语从句。从句的动词用过去式，表示该干而又没干的事。
四级真题：
Sometimes I wish I ___in a different time and a different place.(2000.1)
A. be living B.were living C.would live D.would have lived
答案： B 译：有时候我希望自己生活在一个不同的时代一个不同的地方。
Wouldn't you rather your children ___to bed early?
A.go B.went C.would go D.goes
答案; B 译：难道你不希望你的孩子早点上床吗?
It's already 5 o'clock now.Don't you think it's about time ____?(1996.6)
A.we are going home B.we go home C. we went home D.we can go home
答案：C 译：已经5点了。你不认为我们该回家了么？
5。表示建议，命令，要求类的虚拟句
should（可省略）＋动词原形 主要用于以下从句中
1）用于表示意愿，建议，命令等动词后的that引导的宾语从句。
ask,maitain,request,advise,move,require,arrange.object,resolve,suggest, decide, prefer,pray,urge,decree,propose,vote,insist,etc.....
2）有些表示建议，命令和要求的名词，要求引起虚拟的主语从句和同位语从句。这类名词常见的有：
advice , decision , demand ,desire , insistence , motion , order ,
necessity , preferrence , proposal ,etc.....
3)这一类的形容词
essential , imperative , important , necessary , urgent , vital ,
advicable , anxious , appropriate , better , best , desirable ,
preferable, natural etc.......
四级真题：
I don't think it adviseable that Tom ___ to the job since he has no experience.(1997.6)
A .is assigned B. will be asigned C. be assigned D.has been assigned
答案：C 译：由于汤姆没有经验，派他这项工作我认为是不明智的。
It's important that the hotel receptionist ___that guest are registered correctly.(2001.1)
A.has made sure B. must make sure C.made sure D. make sure
答案： D 译：重要的是，旅馆接待员要确保客人们恰当的进行登记.
Mike's uncle insisted ____ in this hotel (2000.1)
A. staying not B.not to stay C. that he would not stay D.that he not stay
答案：D 译： 麦克的叔叔坚持不住这个旅馆。
6 带lest或as if的虚拟句
lest引导的状语从句里，谓语用（should＋动词原形）不管什么人称，也不管主句里动词时态如何
as though as if 后面接不可能的事时也要用虚拟语气动词形式，多用过去式 （be用were）过去完成式，过去进行式。
She leave the window lest be seen .
译：她离开了窗子，怕被别人看见。
He talks as if he know everything .
译：他说起来好象他什么都知道。
四级真题：
He was punished ______ he should make the same mistake again.(2001.6)
A.unless B.lest C.if D.provided
答案:B 译：他受了罚，以免在犯同样的错。
The tree looked as if it _____for a long time .
A hasn't watered B. hadn't been watered C.didn't water D.wasn't watered
答案：B 译：这棵树看起来很久都没浇水了。
以上就是在下的笔记，贴出来与大家交流，如有不足之处请大家批评指正。
谢谢！
-
1。表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：
条件从句 动词用过去式（be用were）
主句 would（should，could，might）＋动词原形
例： If I were you I shouldn't do that.
译：如果我是你，我就不会这样做。
2。表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：
条件从句 had＋过去分词
主句 would（should，could，might）＋ have＋过去分词
例：They would have come to the meeting ,if they had known about it .
译：如果他们知道这个会议，他们就会来的。
3。表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：
条件从句 动词用以办过去式 或should（were to）＋动词原形
主句 would（should，could，might）＋动词原形
例:1. If it should rain ,the crop would be saved .
2. If it were to snow tomorrow ,they would not go out.
3. If he came tomorrow ,we could ask him .
四级真题：
Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she __
a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996.10)
A.has to get B.were to get C.had get D.could have got
答案：B 译:琼不想马上就工作，她想要是找了工作，就不能经常看望朋友了。
If the whole operation ___beforehand,a great deal of time and momey
wouldhave been lost (1999.6)
A.was not planned B.has not been planned C.had not been planned D.were not planned
答案：C 译： 如果整个手术不是事先计划好的话，就会浪费大量的金钱和时间。
虚拟语气的集中特殊情况
1。If的省略 在非真是条从句里，助动词were，had，shuold可以提到从句之首而省略if。were作非谓语动词时，也可以提到从句之首而省略if。
如：Were I you ,I would go there.
译：如果我是你，我就去那里。
四级真题：
The millions of calculations involved,had they been done by hand ,___
all pratical value by the time they were finished .(2001.6)
A.had lost B.would lose C.would have lost D.should have lost
答案：C 所涉及到的几百万次计算，那个时候如果靠手来完成到算完之时，它们就失去了一切价值了。
Had he work harder ,he ___ the exams.(1997.6)
A. must have got through B. would have got through
C. would get through D.could get through
答案：B 译：如果他学习努力一点，那次考试就通过了。
2。含蓄虚拟句
有时虚拟条件并不用if从句来表示，而是含蓄在某个词或短语里。
可以用来表示含蓄条件的有：
1)连词 or ,otherwise,but
The old man's hands shook constantly. Otherwise he would be still
working.
这老人的双手不停的颤抖。否则他现在仍然在工作。
Our chairman was absent,or I would not have taken the chair .
我们的主席没来，否则我是主持会议的。
2）介词 with,without,under,but for
Without electricity human life would be quite different today.
译：如果没有点，人类现在的生活就是另一个样子了。
But for your help,I wouldn't have finished this work.
不告诉他真像将会是一个错误。
Ten minutes earlier ,and you would have caught the bus .
要早来十分钟，你就可以赶上汽车了。
Left to themselves, those flood victims would not have been able to stay alive .
如果把那些洪水灾民扔下不管，他们就不可能活下来。
四级真题：
Some women____a good salary in a job instead of staying home,but they
decided not to work for the sake of family.
A.must make B.should have made C.would make D.could have made
答案：D 译：有些妇女要是不呆在家里，就可以赚一份不错的薪水，但是他们为了家庭而决定不去工作。
3.错综时间的虚拟语气
有时候，条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，发生得时间是不一致的（如果一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的）。这时，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。
如： If the doctor hadn't tried his best to save you ,you wouldn't be standing here now.
四级真题
If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell ,you ___now.(1999.1)
A. wouldn't be smiling B. couldn't have smiled
C. won't smile D. didn't smile
答案：A 译： 当你掉下来时，要不是我在梯子下面把你接住，你现在就笑不成了。
4 wish类虚拟句
wish的宾语从句里的动词要用虚拟式。表示不可能实现的愿望。
1）对目前的情况表示祝愿，用动词一般过去式（be用were）
I wish my friend were with me now.
2)对目前正在进行的情况表示祝愿，用动词过去进行式。
I wish I were staying at home with my parents now.
3)对目前已经完成的情况表示祝愿，用动词过去完成式。
I wish I had finished my homework .
4)对过去的事情表示遗憾，后悔，用动词过去完成式。
I wish I had seen the film yesterday.
有情态动词，要用情态动词＋动词的完成式
I wish I could have pass the interview .
5)对将来的事情表祝愿用could（would）＋动词原形
I wish I could become rich some day.
以上五种句子均可将I wish 换成If only。
would rather + 代词＋一般过去式
I would rather you stay with me .
It's time 接不带that的宾语从句。从句的动词用过去式，表示该干而又没干的事。
四级真题：
Sometimes I wish I ___in a different time and a different place.(2000.1)
A. be living B.were living C.would live D.would have lived
答案： B 译：有时候我希望自己生活在一个不同的时代一个不同的地方。
Wouldn't you rather your children ___to bed early?
A.go B.went C.would go D.goes
答案; B 译：难道你不希望你的孩子早点上床吗?
It's already 5 o'clock now.Don't you think it's about time ____?(1996.6)
A.we are going home B.we go home C. we went home D.we can go home
答案：C 译：已经5点了。你不认为我们该回家了么？
5。表示建议，命令，要求类的虚拟句
should（可省略）＋动词原形 主要用于以下从句中
1）用于表示意愿，建议，命令等动词后的that引导的宾语从句。
ask,maitain,request,advise,move,require,arrange.object,resolve,suggest, decide, prefer,pray,urge,decree,propose,vote,insist,etc.....
2）有些表示建议，命令和要求的名词，要求引起虚拟的主语从句和同位语从句。这类名词常见的有：
advice , decision , demand ,desire , insistence , motion , order ,
necessity , preferrence , proposal ,etc.....
3)这一类的形容词
essential , imperative , important , necessary , urgent , vital ,
advicable , anxious , appropriate , better , best , desirable ,
preferable, natural etc.......
四级真题：
I don't think it adviseable that Tom ___ to the job since he has no experience.(1997.6)
A .is assigned B. will be asigned C. be assigned D.has been assigned
答案：C 译：由于汤姆没有经验，派他这项工作我认为是不明智的。
It's important that the hotel receptionist ___that guest are registered correctly.(2001.1)
A.has made sure B. must make sure C.made sure D. make sure
答案： D 译：重要的是，旅馆接待员要确保客人们恰当的进行登记.
Mike's uncle insisted ____ in this hotel (2000.1)
A. staying not B.not to stay C. that he would not stay D.that he not stay
答案：D 译： 麦克的叔叔坚持不住这个旅馆。
6 带lest或as if的虚拟句
lest引导的状语从句里，谓语用（should＋动词原形）不管什么人称，也不管主句里动词时态如何
as though as if 后面接不可能的事时也要用虚拟语气动词形式，多用过去式 （be用were）过去完成式，过去进行式。
She leave the window lest be seen .
译：她离开了窗子，怕被别人看见。
He talks as if he know everything .
译：他说起来好象他什么都知道。
四级真题：
He was punished ______ he should make the same mistake again.(2001.6)
A.unless B.lest C.if D.provided
答案:B 译：他受了罚，以免在犯同样的错。
The tree looked as if it _____for a long time .
A hasn't watered B. hadn't been watered C.didn't water D.wasn't watered
答案：B 译：这棵树看起来很久都没浇水了。
以上就是在下的笔记，贴出来与大家交流，如有不足之处请大家批评指正。
谢谢！
-