四级语法专题--非谓语动词
2003-03-15 19:12 | komi
非谓语动词
1）分词短语作状语时，其前面可以加上连接词表示何种类型的状语。选择分词，
也是看分词动词与句子主语的关系；是主——谓关系时，选用现在分词；是
动——宾关系时，选用过去分词。试题里，选用过去分词的机会多些。
如：When heated，the metal expands，and if allowed to cool，it will
contrast。
金属受热时会膨胀，冷却就会收缩。
Once tested ，the machine may be put into service。
一经检验，机器就可以使用。
He paused as if expecting Mary to speak。
他停下来，似乎想让玛丽说话。
When not knowing how to pronoucnce a word ，you may consult the
dictionary。
当你不知道一个词如何发音时，你可以去查字典。
四级真题：
_____in a recent science competition，the three students were awarded
shcolarships totaling $21,000.(2001.1)
A) Judged the best B)Judging the best
C) To be judge the best D) Having judgted the best
答案：A 在最近的一次自然科学竞赛中，由于这三名学生被评判的成绩最好
，所以给他们的奖学金总数达21，000美圆。
注意与此句区分：Judging from what he said ,he must be an honesty man.
Judging from (by)=To judge by 由什么观察之
_____ in this way ,the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.(2000.1)
A) To look at B) Looking at C)Looked at D) To be looked at
答案：以这种方式来看，情况似乎不太让人失望。
“看情况”，动宾关系，选用过去分词。
The house was very quiet , ______ as it was on the side of a moutain.
(1999.6)
A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D) having been isolated
答案：A 这幢房子很安静，因为它位于山边，被别的房子隔离开了。
“ 隔离房子” 动宾关系，选用过去分词。
2）当分词动作发生之后谓语动作才发生，而分词主语的关系是主谓关系时，分词
用having done 的形式。如果分词动作发生之后谓语动作才发生，且分词动词与
与句子主句主语是动宾关系时，分词用 having been done
四级真题：
______ in a seeming ly endless war ,the general was forcesd to evaluate
the situation agian.(1993.1)
A)Since the loss 50,000 soldiers
B)Because of 50,000 soldiers having lost
C)Having lost over 50,000 soldiers
D)50,000 soldiers were lost
答案：C 再一场看上去无休止的战役中损失了50,000士兵后，这位将军不得不
重新估计形势。
3）当分词短语用作状语时，分词的逻辑主语应该与句子的主语保持一致。如果
不一致，分词短语则应该有其自己的逻辑主语（名词或代词）。这种带有逻辑
主语的分词短语叫做分词的独立主格结构。意义上相当于一个状语从句，表时
间，原因，条件或伴随情况。当发现前后两个主谓结构，中间是逗号而没有连
词时就应该把一个主谓结构变成分词独立主格结构。通常给你一个完整的主谓
结构，让你选一个适当的分词使它与前面的名词或代词构成分词的独立主格结构
选用方法：
1）名词或代词与分词构成主谓关系时，选用现在分词(doing)。
2）名词或代词与分词构成动宾关系时，选用过去分词(done).
3）名词或代词动词连用时，选用(being).
4）名词或代词与分词构成动宾关系时，且分词动作发生在谓语动词之前时，
选用现在分词的完成被动式。
Time permitting ,we'll go on a journey.
如果时间允许，我们就去旅行。
Everything taken into consideration, he is a very good boy.
如果把一切都考虑进去，他是个很好的孩子。
All things considered,we have to give up the idea .
如果把一切情况都考虑进去，我们只好放弃这种想法。
That being the case ,we have to walk there.
如果是这样，我们只好走路去那里。
四级真题：
All the tasks _____ ahead of time ,they decided to go on holiday for
a week.(2001.6)
A)had been fulfilled B)were fulfilled
C)having been fulfilled D) been fulfilled
答案：C 由于所有的任务都已提前完成，他们决定去度假一周。
So many directors _____, the board meeting had to be put off.(2001.1)
A)were absent B) been absent C)had been absent D)being absent
答案：D 由于这么多董事没来，董事会只得延期。
with+名词（或代词）+分词的独立主格结构。
1）当名词或代词与分词动词是主谓关系时选用现在分词being 如：
With hte guide leading the way ,we are not afraid of getting lost.
有向导带路，我们不怕迷路。
2）当名词或代词与be动词连用时，用其现在分词形式being 如：
With him being so bad-tempered,I was reluctant to tell him about the
car accident.
由于他脾气很坏，所以我不愿意把车祸的事告诉他。
3）当名词或代词与分词动词构成动宾关系时，选用(being)+done
四级真题：
The sale usually takes place outside the house ,with the audience ____
on benches ,chair or boxes.(2000.1)
A) having seated B)seating C)seated D)having been seated
答案：C 拍卖会通常在室外进行，让观众坐在长凳椅子或箱子上。
分词短语作宾语的补语
在及物动词+名词或宾格代词+现在分词的结构里，名词或代词构成了主谓关系。
如： I cuaght him stealing in the shop.
我撞上他在商店里偷东西。
I discover him sitting alone .
我发现他一个人坐着。
I kept hinm waiting for a long time.
我让他等了好久。
及物动词+名词或代词+过去分词。句中分词与前面的名词或代词构成动宾关系时
就应该用过去分词 。当动作正在进行时则选用及物动词+名词或代词+being
+过去分词
四级真题：
You will see this product _____ wherever you go (2001.1)
A) to be advertise B)adertise C)advertise D) advertising
答案：B 无论你到哪都能看见这种产品的广告。
The president promised to keep all the board members _____of how the
negotiations were gouing on .(2001.6)
A)informed B)inform C)be informed D)informing
答案： A 董事长答应把谈判的进展情况告诉所有的董事。
Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe
until Columbus found it ____ in CUba.
A)being cultivated B)been cultivated
C)having cultivated D) cultivating
答案： A 玉米起源于新大陆。因此直至哥伦布发现古巴人种植时，欧洲人才
知道玉米.
Only + 状语放在句首时，后面必须接倒装语序
Only at the airport did he see his sister
他只在机场见到他的妹妹。
make oneself heard 同样的短语
make oneself understood
make oneself respected
分词短语作定语
过去分词短语用作非限定性定语从句。
要掌握下面三种结构
1）the house built 已经建好
2) the house being built 正在兴建
3)the house to be built 将要兴建
动名词
动名词就是由动词变来的名词。由动词+ing 构成在句子中可用作主语，宾语，
表语。它保持了动词的某些性质，即可有它自己的宾语和状语。他的一般式是
doing , 被动式是being done 完成式having done
完成被动式 having been done
（1）动名词短语作宾语。
以下是必须接动名词作宾语的动词：
admit advise advocate allow antipate
appreciate avoid confess consider delay
deny enjoy escape fancy favour
finish image involve mind miss
permit postpone practise resent risk
suggest burst into can't help feel like
give up keep on leave off put off be busy
除了but ,except 等介词可以接不定式作宾语外，一般的介词后面只接动名词
作宾语
以下动词后的to均是介词
adimt to amount to apply oneself to
be accustomed to be devoted to devote oneself to
be equal to be equivalent to be given to
be opposed to be preferable be reduce to
be used to confess to contribute to come near to
dedicate oneself to fall to see to
when it comes to take to
动词need ,want ,require ,demand 用做需要时，而句子的主语是物时，
这些动词后面应该接动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式。
如：My coat requires ironing (to be ironned)
我的外套需要烫了。
This problem demands looking into .
这个问题需要调查。
四级真题：
That young man still denies ____ the fire behind the store.(2001.1)
A)start B)to start C) having started D)to have started
答案：C 那个年轻人仍否认在商店后面放火。
No one had told Smith about ____ a lecture the following day.(2001.1)
A) there being B)there be C) there would be D)there was
答案： A 没有人告诉史密斯第二天有课
He gives people the impression ____all his life abroad.(1998.6)
A)of having spent B)to have spent C)of being spent D)to spend
答案：A 他给人的印象是，他一生都是在国外度过的。
Your hair wants_____. You'd better have it done tomorrow.(1997.6)
A)cut B)to cut C) cutting D)being cut
答案： C 你的头发该剃了。你最好明天就去理发。
某些动词后面的动名词与不定式
1）forget (remember) to do 忘记（记得）要做某事
forget (remember) doing 忘记（记得）了做过的事（通常用于将来时
的否定式和现在完成时；用过去时时还可以与about 连用。
I forget to bring my umbrella.
我忘记带伞了。
He forget about posting the letter.
信已发了，可他忘了。
2）go on to do （做完一件事）接着做（另一件事）
go on doing 继续做（同一件事）
Having finished the homework ,I went on to do the housework.
做完作业，我接着干家务。
They went on working after a short rest.
他们休息了一会儿便继续干他们的活。
3) mean to do 打算做某事
mean doing 意味着就是
He meant to help us.
他打算帮助我们.
To raise wages means increasing purchasing power.
提高工资就意味着增加购买力.
4)regret to do 遗憾的....
regret doing (having done) 对做过的事后悔
I regret to say ,I can't stay any longer.
我遗憾的说,我不能再呆了.
I regret leaving Wuhan.
我后悔离开武汉.
5)stop to do 停下手中的事去干另一件事.
stop doing 停止干某事.
They stop to talk.
他们停下来交谈.
They stop talking.
他们停止交谈.
6)try to do 力图做某事
try doing 试着干
He try to decieve his mother but in vain.
他试着欺骗他的妈妈,但失败了.
Try adding some suger to the coffee.
试着向咖啡里加一点糖.
四级真题:
I'll never forget ____ you for the first time.(2001.1)
A)to meet B)meeting C)having meet D)having to be meeting
答案:C 我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的情形.
I didn't ___ to take a taxi but I had to as I was late.
A)assume B)suppose C)mean D)hope
答案:C 我并不打算打的,但我不得不,因为我已经迟到了.
非谓语动词的平衡原则
1)主-系-表结构中的主语和表语,如:
To see is to believe (seeing is believing)
眼见为实.
2)比较句中相比较的两项,如:
Keeping is harder than winning.
创业不易守业更难.
3)并列的各项,如:
They walked hand in hand,talking and laughing.
他们手拉手走着,有说有笑.
不定式
(1)不定式短语作主语
It's not unusal for the workers in the region to be paid a month late.
这个地区的工人迟一个月拿到工资.
(2)不定式短语作状语
1)有实际内容的不定式短语放在句首并用逗号隔开时,该不定式短语是用作
目的状语的.如:
To learn English well ,he bought an English dictionary.
为了学好英语,他买了一本英语词典.
2)to do , in order to,和 so as to do.都可以放在句子后部,用作目的状语
He came here to watch TV.
他来这里看电视.
3)too...to 结构里的的不定式是作结果壮语的.表示太...以致于
如:He is too old to work .
他年纪太大了,不能劳动了.
4)believe it or not 和 like it or not
都是国定搭配,有让步意义,所以可把它们看作让步状语分句.
Believe it or not ,this watch is given to me by his girl friend.
信不信由你,这只表是他的女朋友送给我的.
不定式作定语
不定是可放在名词或部分不定代词后面作定语.不定式与前面的名词或代词构成
1)主谓关系; 如: He was the first came into the classroom.
2)动宾关系; 如: I still have something to eat.
3)修饰关系; 如: His wish to visit China has come true.
当不定式短语后面需要一个介词与前面的名词构成介词+介词宾语的关系时
,这个介词一般是必不可少的.如:
I need a pen to write with.
我要一支笔写字.
He made a table to eat with.
他做了张桌子用来吃饭.
不定式用作补语
当 感官动词 (see,feel,watch,notice,observe,perceive,look at,listen to,
hear)和三个让(let,make,have)后面的不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式可省略to.
I heard her sing a song .
我听她唱了首歌.
I made him stay to tea.
我留他下来喝茶.
带连词的不定式
1)动词和动词短语know,find out,discover,inquire,see,understand,show,
等后面是不可直接接不定式短语作宾语的,而必须在不定式的前面加上一个
连接代词或连接副词后,才能接在这些动词后面.
如:
where to go
I don't know how to do the job
when to start
注意 why不可接不定式放在及物动词后面作宾语.
2)非限定性定语从句与不定式的互换
I have $20,with which I can buy a present for my child.
= I have $20,with which to buy a present for my child.
带to与不带to的不定式
1)表示除了的介词前面有do的任何形式,介词后面接不带to的不定式
否则就接带to的不定式,这类词有except,but,以及 other than.
He did nothing except watch TV.
他除了看电视甚么也不干.
They couold do nothing but wait for the bus to come .
除了等公交以外,他们毫无办法.
2)have no choice but 要接带to的不定式.
In winter the bear has no choice but to lie down and sleep .
冬天熊除了躺下来睡觉以外别无选择.
一下词语后要接不带to的不定式
1)would rather ,had rather ,would sooner ,would just as soon
都表示宁愿.
I'd rather stay here .
我宁愿留在这里.
I'd sooner stop working now.
我宁愿现在就停工.
2)would rather ...than...,would...rather than...
would soooner...than..., had sooner...than...
都表示宁愿...而不愿.
I'd rather stay than go.
我情愿留下也不愿走.
Sooner than travel by bus ,I'd prefer to a train.
我宁愿坐火车也不愿坐汽车旅行.
3)had better, had best 表最好
I'd best to go now ,or I'll be late.
我最好现在就走,否则我会迟到的.
4)may as well, might as well 表示不妨
We might a well walk to the station.
我们不妨走到火车站去.
四级真题:
If the building project ____ by the end of this month is delayed,the
construction company will be fined.(2001.6)
A)to be completed B)is completed
C)being completed D)completed
答案:A 如果在这个月底要完成的建筑工程误了期,建筑公司将要被罚款.
With the devolopment in science and technology man can various
flowers ____ before their time.(2001.6)
A) be bloomed B)blooming C)bloom D) bloomed
答案:C 随着科学技术的发展,人能够让各种各样的花儿提前开放.
The bank is reported in the local newspaper____in broad daylight
yesterday.(2001.1)
A)being robbed B) having been robbed
C)to have been robbed D) robbed
答案:C 在当地的报纸上报道了昨天银行在光天化日之下被抢了.
The professor could hardly find sufficient ground ___ his arguments
in favor of the new theory.(2000.6)
A)to be based on B)to base on
C)which to base on D)on which to base
答案:D 对教授的新理论有利的论点要建立在理由充足的根据之上,可是
他很难找到这些依据.
As a public relations office ,he is said ____some very influential
people.(2001.6)
A)to have been knowing B)to be knowing
C)to have known D)to know
答案:C 他作为公关官员,据说已经认识了不少有影响力的人物.
I'd rather have a room of my own ,however small it is ,than ____
a room with someone else.(2001.1)
A)share B)to share C)sahring D)to have shared
答案:A 我宁愿有一间自己的房间,无论多小都行,也不愿与别人共一间房.
-
1）分词短语作状语时，其前面可以加上连接词表示何种类型的状语。选择分词，
也是看分词动词与句子主语的关系；是主——谓关系时，选用现在分词；是
动——宾关系时，选用过去分词。试题里，选用过去分词的机会多些。
如：When heated，the metal expands，and if allowed to cool，it will
contrast。
金属受热时会膨胀，冷却就会收缩。
Once tested ，the machine may be put into service。
一经检验，机器就可以使用。
He paused as if expecting Mary to speak。
他停下来，似乎想让玛丽说话。
When not knowing how to pronoucnce a word ，you may consult the
dictionary。
当你不知道一个词如何发音时，你可以去查字典。
四级真题：
_____in a recent science competition，the three students were awarded
shcolarships totaling $21,000.(2001.1)
A) Judged the best B)Judging the best
C) To be judge the best D) Having judgted the best
答案：A 在最近的一次自然科学竞赛中，由于这三名学生被评判的成绩最好
，所以给他们的奖学金总数达21，000美圆。
注意与此句区分：Judging from what he said ,he must be an honesty man.
Judging from (by)=To judge by 由什么观察之
_____ in this way ,the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.(2000.1)
A) To look at B) Looking at C)Looked at D) To be looked at
答案：以这种方式来看，情况似乎不太让人失望。
“看情况”，动宾关系，选用过去分词。
The house was very quiet , ______ as it was on the side of a moutain.
(1999.6)
A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D) having been isolated
答案：A 这幢房子很安静，因为它位于山边，被别的房子隔离开了。
“ 隔离房子” 动宾关系，选用过去分词。
2）当分词动作发生之后谓语动作才发生，而分词主语的关系是主谓关系时，分词
用having done 的形式。如果分词动作发生之后谓语动作才发生，且分词动词与
与句子主句主语是动宾关系时，分词用 having been done
四级真题：
______ in a seeming ly endless war ,the general was forcesd to evaluate
the situation agian.(1993.1)
A)Since the loss 50,000 soldiers
B)Because of 50,000 soldiers having lost
C)Having lost over 50,000 soldiers
D)50,000 soldiers were lost
答案：C 再一场看上去无休止的战役中损失了50,000士兵后，这位将军不得不
重新估计形势。
3）当分词短语用作状语时，分词的逻辑主语应该与句子的主语保持一致。如果
不一致，分词短语则应该有其自己的逻辑主语（名词或代词）。这种带有逻辑
主语的分词短语叫做分词的独立主格结构。意义上相当于一个状语从句，表时
间，原因，条件或伴随情况。当发现前后两个主谓结构，中间是逗号而没有连
词时就应该把一个主谓结构变成分词独立主格结构。通常给你一个完整的主谓
结构，让你选一个适当的分词使它与前面的名词或代词构成分词的独立主格结构
选用方法：
1）名词或代词与分词构成主谓关系时，选用现在分词(doing)。
2）名词或代词与分词构成动宾关系时，选用过去分词(done).
3）名词或代词动词连用时，选用(being).
4）名词或代词与分词构成动宾关系时，且分词动作发生在谓语动词之前时，
选用现在分词的完成被动式。
Time permitting ,we'll go on a journey.
如果时间允许，我们就去旅行。
Everything taken into consideration, he is a very good boy.
如果把一切都考虑进去，他是个很好的孩子。
All things considered,we have to give up the idea .
如果把一切情况都考虑进去，我们只好放弃这种想法。
That being the case ,we have to walk there.
如果是这样，我们只好走路去那里。
四级真题：
All the tasks _____ ahead of time ,they decided to go on holiday for
a week.(2001.6)
A)had been fulfilled B)were fulfilled
C)having been fulfilled D) been fulfilled
答案：C 由于所有的任务都已提前完成，他们决定去度假一周。
So many directors _____, the board meeting had to be put off.(2001.1)
A)were absent B) been absent C)had been absent D)being absent
答案：D 由于这么多董事没来，董事会只得延期。
with+名词（或代词）+分词的独立主格结构。
1）当名词或代词与分词动词是主谓关系时选用现在分词being 如：
With hte guide leading the way ,we are not afraid of getting lost.
有向导带路，我们不怕迷路。
2）当名词或代词与be动词连用时，用其现在分词形式being 如：
With him being so bad-tempered,I was reluctant to tell him about the
car accident.
由于他脾气很坏，所以我不愿意把车祸的事告诉他。
3）当名词或代词与分词动词构成动宾关系时，选用(being)+done
四级真题：
The sale usually takes place outside the house ,with the audience ____
on benches ,chair or boxes.(2000.1)
A) having seated B)seating C)seated D)having been seated
答案：C 拍卖会通常在室外进行，让观众坐在长凳椅子或箱子上。
分词短语作宾语的补语
在及物动词+名词或宾格代词+现在分词的结构里，名词或代词构成了主谓关系。
如： I cuaght him stealing in the shop.
我撞上他在商店里偷东西。
I discover him sitting alone .
我发现他一个人坐着。
I kept hinm waiting for a long time.
我让他等了好久。
及物动词+名词或代词+过去分词。句中分词与前面的名词或代词构成动宾关系时
就应该用过去分词 。当动作正在进行时则选用及物动词+名词或代词+being
+过去分词
四级真题：
You will see this product _____ wherever you go (2001.1)
A) to be advertise B)adertise C)advertise D) advertising
答案：B 无论你到哪都能看见这种产品的广告。
The president promised to keep all the board members _____of how the
negotiations were gouing on .(2001.6)
A)informed B)inform C)be informed D)informing
答案： A 董事长答应把谈判的进展情况告诉所有的董事。
Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe
until Columbus found it ____ in CUba.
A)being cultivated B)been cultivated
C)having cultivated D) cultivating
答案： A 玉米起源于新大陆。因此直至哥伦布发现古巴人种植时，欧洲人才
知道玉米.
Only + 状语放在句首时，后面必须接倒装语序
Only at the airport did he see his sister
他只在机场见到他的妹妹。
make oneself heard 同样的短语
make oneself understood
make oneself respected
分词短语作定语
过去分词短语用作非限定性定语从句。
要掌握下面三种结构
1）the house built 已经建好
2) the house being built 正在兴建
3)the house to be built 将要兴建
动名词
动名词就是由动词变来的名词。由动词+ing 构成在句子中可用作主语，宾语，
表语。它保持了动词的某些性质，即可有它自己的宾语和状语。他的一般式是
doing , 被动式是being done 完成式having done
完成被动式 having been done
（1）动名词短语作宾语。
以下是必须接动名词作宾语的动词：
admit advise advocate allow antipate
appreciate avoid confess consider delay
deny enjoy escape fancy favour
finish image involve mind miss
permit postpone practise resent risk
suggest burst into can't help feel like
give up keep on leave off put off be busy
除了but ,except 等介词可以接不定式作宾语外，一般的介词后面只接动名词
作宾语
以下动词后的to均是介词
adimt to amount to apply oneself to
be accustomed to be devoted to devote oneself to
be equal to be equivalent to be given to
be opposed to be preferable be reduce to
be used to confess to contribute to come near to
dedicate oneself to fall to see to
when it comes to take to
动词need ,want ,require ,demand 用做需要时，而句子的主语是物时，
这些动词后面应该接动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式。
如：My coat requires ironing (to be ironned)
我的外套需要烫了。
This problem demands looking into .
这个问题需要调查。
四级真题：
That young man still denies ____ the fire behind the store.(2001.1)
A)start B)to start C) having started D)to have started
答案：C 那个年轻人仍否认在商店后面放火。
No one had told Smith about ____ a lecture the following day.(2001.1)
A) there being B)there be C) there would be D)there was
答案： A 没有人告诉史密斯第二天有课
He gives people the impression ____all his life abroad.(1998.6)
A)of having spent B)to have spent C)of being spent D)to spend
答案：A 他给人的印象是，他一生都是在国外度过的。
Your hair wants_____. You'd better have it done tomorrow.(1997.6)
A)cut B)to cut C) cutting D)being cut
答案： C 你的头发该剃了。你最好明天就去理发。
某些动词后面的动名词与不定式
1）forget (remember) to do 忘记（记得）要做某事
forget (remember) doing 忘记（记得）了做过的事（通常用于将来时
的否定式和现在完成时；用过去时时还可以与about 连用。
I forget to bring my umbrella.
我忘记带伞了。
He forget about posting the letter.
信已发了，可他忘了。
2）go on to do （做完一件事）接着做（另一件事）
go on doing 继续做（同一件事）
Having finished the homework ,I went on to do the housework.
做完作业，我接着干家务。
They went on working after a short rest.
他们休息了一会儿便继续干他们的活。
3) mean to do 打算做某事
mean doing 意味着就是
He meant to help us.
他打算帮助我们.
To raise wages means increasing purchasing power.
提高工资就意味着增加购买力.
4)regret to do 遗憾的....
regret doing (having done) 对做过的事后悔
I regret to say ,I can't stay any longer.
我遗憾的说,我不能再呆了.
I regret leaving Wuhan.
我后悔离开武汉.
5)stop to do 停下手中的事去干另一件事.
stop doing 停止干某事.
They stop to talk.
他们停下来交谈.
They stop talking.
他们停止交谈.
6)try to do 力图做某事
try doing 试着干
He try to decieve his mother but in vain.
他试着欺骗他的妈妈,但失败了.
Try adding some suger to the coffee.
试着向咖啡里加一点糖.
四级真题:
I'll never forget ____ you for the first time.(2001.1)
A)to meet B)meeting C)having meet D)having to be meeting
答案:C 我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的情形.
I didn't ___ to take a taxi but I had to as I was late.
A)assume B)suppose C)mean D)hope
答案:C 我并不打算打的,但我不得不,因为我已经迟到了.
非谓语动词的平衡原则
1)主-系-表结构中的主语和表语,如:
To see is to believe (seeing is believing)
眼见为实.
2)比较句中相比较的两项,如:
Keeping is harder than winning.
创业不易守业更难.
3)并列的各项,如:
They walked hand in hand,talking and laughing.
他们手拉手走着,有说有笑.
不定式
(1)不定式短语作主语
It's not unusal for the workers in the region to be paid a month late.
这个地区的工人迟一个月拿到工资.
(2)不定式短语作状语
1)有实际内容的不定式短语放在句首并用逗号隔开时,该不定式短语是用作
目的状语的.如:
To learn English well ,he bought an English dictionary.
为了学好英语,他买了一本英语词典.
2)to do , in order to,和 so as to do.都可以放在句子后部,用作目的状语
He came here to watch TV.
他来这里看电视.
3)too...to 结构里的的不定式是作结果壮语的.表示太...以致于
如:He is too old to work .
他年纪太大了,不能劳动了.
4)believe it or not 和 like it or not
都是国定搭配,有让步意义,所以可把它们看作让步状语分句.
Believe it or not ,this watch is given to me by his girl friend.
信不信由你,这只表是他的女朋友送给我的.
不定式作定语
不定是可放在名词或部分不定代词后面作定语.不定式与前面的名词或代词构成
1)主谓关系; 如: He was the first came into the classroom.
2)动宾关系; 如: I still have something to eat.
3)修饰关系; 如: His wish to visit China has come true.
当不定式短语后面需要一个介词与前面的名词构成介词+介词宾语的关系时
,这个介词一般是必不可少的.如:
I need a pen to write with.
我要一支笔写字.
He made a table to eat with.
他做了张桌子用来吃饭.
不定式用作补语
当 感官动词 (see,feel,watch,notice,observe,perceive,look at,listen to,
hear)和三个让(let,make,have)后面的不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式可省略to.
I heard her sing a song .
我听她唱了首歌.
I made him stay to tea.
我留他下来喝茶.
带连词的不定式
1)动词和动词短语know,find out,discover,inquire,see,understand,show,
等后面是不可直接接不定式短语作宾语的,而必须在不定式的前面加上一个
连接代词或连接副词后,才能接在这些动词后面.
如:
where to go
I don't know how to do the job
when to start
注意 why不可接不定式放在及物动词后面作宾语.
2)非限定性定语从句与不定式的互换
I have $20,with which I can buy a present for my child.
= I have $20,with which to buy a present for my child.
带to与不带to的不定式
1)表示除了的介词前面有do的任何形式,介词后面接不带to的不定式
否则就接带to的不定式,这类词有except,but,以及 other than.
He did nothing except watch TV.
他除了看电视甚么也不干.
They couold do nothing but wait for the bus to come .
除了等公交以外,他们毫无办法.
2)have no choice but 要接带to的不定式.
In winter the bear has no choice but to lie down and sleep .
冬天熊除了躺下来睡觉以外别无选择.
一下词语后要接不带to的不定式
1)would rather ,had rather ,would sooner ,would just as soon
都表示宁愿.
I'd rather stay here .
我宁愿留在这里.
I'd sooner stop working now.
我宁愿现在就停工.
2)would rather ...than...,would...rather than...
would soooner...than..., had sooner...than...
都表示宁愿...而不愿.
I'd rather stay than go.
我情愿留下也不愿走.
Sooner than travel by bus ,I'd prefer to a train.
我宁愿坐火车也不愿坐汽车旅行.
3)had better, had best 表最好
I'd best to go now ,or I'll be late.
我最好现在就走,否则我会迟到的.
4)may as well, might as well 表示不妨
We might a well walk to the station.
我们不妨走到火车站去.
四级真题:
If the building project ____ by the end of this month is delayed,the
construction company will be fined.(2001.6)
A)to be completed B)is completed
C)being completed D)completed
答案:A 如果在这个月底要完成的建筑工程误了期,建筑公司将要被罚款.
With the devolopment in science and technology man can various
flowers ____ before their time.(2001.6)
A) be bloomed B)blooming C)bloom D) bloomed
答案:C 随着科学技术的发展,人能够让各种各样的花儿提前开放.
The bank is reported in the local newspaper____in broad daylight
yesterday.(2001.1)
A)being robbed B) having been robbed
C)to have been robbed D) robbed
答案:C 在当地的报纸上报道了昨天银行在光天化日之下被抢了.
The professor could hardly find sufficient ground ___ his arguments
in favor of the new theory.(2000.6)
A)to be based on B)to base on
C)which to base on D)on which to base
答案:D 对教授的新理论有利的论点要建立在理由充足的根据之上,可是
他很难找到这些依据.
As a public relations office ,he is said ____some very influential
people.(2001.6)
A)to have been knowing B)to be knowing
C)to have known D)to know
答案:C 他作为公关官员,据说已经认识了不少有影响力的人物.
I'd rather have a room of my own ,however small it is ,than ____
a room with someone else.(2001.1)
A)share B)to share C)sahring D)to have shared
答案:A 我宁愿有一间自己的房间,无论多小都行,也不愿与别人共一间房.
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